On Feb. 19, 1942, a little more than two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor launched America’s entry into World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. That order resulted in nearly 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry — most of them American citizens — being removed from their homes and sent to 10 concentration camps They euphemistically called them relocation centers. One of those camps was built in the Wyoming desert, 12 miles north of Cody, Wyoming, in the shadow of craggy Heart Mountain. At an elevation of 8,123 feet, Heart Mountain dominates the landscape for miles.
More than 14,000 Japanese Americans were interred at the Heart Mountain Relocation Center, in shoddily built barracks erected on 46,000 acres in just 60 days by 2,000 workers under the direction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Construction began on June 15, 1942. The first evacuees, most of whom had been living in California, arrived two months later, on Aug. 11, 1942. The camp quickly became the third-largest city in Wyoming at the time.
The families lived in single rooms, often only 16x20 feet — smaller than the average modern one-bedroom apartment. Up to 250 people shared latrine buildings in the center of each half-block, while meals were served in communal dining halls. In early 1943, during the first winter there, the temperature dropped to minus-28 degrees. The wind whipped through the shoddily built barracks with their tarpaper roofs. The prisoners worked to weatherize the barracks, finished an irrigation canal to draw water from the Shoshone River, and built a 300-foot root cellar to store produce grown at the camp. This was called the “Heart Mountain Miracle.” High desert was turned into verdant farmland in less than a year.
The Heart Mountain Interpretive Center, a Smithsonian Museum affiliate, was built on the site and opened in 2011 to tell the story of innocent men, women and children ripped from their homes. Besides the center, which is filled with compelling exhibits to tell that story, there still stands a single original barrack, since restored, the red-brick chimney of the hospital’s boiler house, and three dilapidated original buildings.
More than 550 babies were born at Heart Mountain in the three years the camp operated, until the war ended in 1945. Camp officials collaborated with detainees to create schools, churches and to provide recreational opportunities — organizing basketball, football, and baseball teams. In September 1942, the first of seven Boy Scout troops was initiated within the barbed wire of the Heart Mountain confinement site. Eventually 350 boys joined the Scouts; a similar number of girls became Girl Scouts.
The City Behind Barbed Wire even had its own newspaper, the Heart Mountain Sentinel, an eight-page tabloid published weekly until July 28, 1945, a few months before the camp finally closed and its residents allowed to go home. “Home” was now largely nonexistent, as most of the detainees lost their homes and much of their possessions when sent to the camp. These Japanese Americans left Heart Mountain with $25 and a train ticket to their preferred destination. Many freed internees returned to the West Coast to rebuild their lives. It took more than 40 years, until 1988, before the U.S. government finally apologized for this forced internment.
One irony is that nearly 400 Nisei men (the term for first-generation Americans) were drafted from Heart Mountain into the armed forces. They left a concentration camp in Wyoming to fight for our country, primarily in Europe. About 90 others resisted induction and were tried and convicted. The draft resisters were all pardoned by President Truman in 1947.
My grandfather, Carl Borders, became a key figure in the Boy Scout movement at Heart Mountain, one of the efforts to provide recreation and healthy activities to the children interred at Heart Mountain.
More about that next week.